GRASSE, France If you leave the Mediterranean Sea
behind you at Cannes and head north toward the Maritime Alps, the road winds
upward passing lush vineyards and fields of lavender. There are castles and
monasteries hiding in the verdant hills, and knock you to your knees panoramas
appear around every bend in the road.
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| Grasse, France |
It isn’t long before you arrive in Grasse, a city that clings
like a lover’s fragrance to the steep hills high above the French Riviera. It’s
a city of flowers and perfume, a city you won’t soon forget.
The narrow cobblestone streets wind past well kept 17th
and 18th century buildings, sometimes going through handcrafted
stone tunnels that open onto large treed squares. The slight patina that covers
the buildings is from the centuries of fragrance-laden clouds that once floated
in from the flower fields.
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| Lavender Fields Near Grasse |
Today large pots of fragrant blooming plants and colorful
flowers hang from every lamppost. Blood red geraniums, pink carnations and
white Sweet William cascade from ancient wrought iron balconies. The air smells
sweet in Grasse, as well it should, for Grasse is the birthplace of the perfume
industry.
The Boulevard du Jeu de Ballon, is one of the town’s main
thoroughfares. This is where you’ll find shops selling tasseled and beribboned
flacons of delicious smelling perfumes as well as cologne, sprays, fragrant
soaps, lotions, candles and essential oils. Perfume and scents have been a
part of life in this small town since before the French Revolution. But it
wasn’t always that way.
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| A Pleasant Stroll |
In the 1500s Italian leather artisans from the nearby Italian
Riviera immigrated to Grasse and set up workshops. The town quickly became the
center of a small tanning industry. The Italians produced gloves and other
small leather products; often perfuming them with the flowers they found
growing steps from their door.
Perfumes had long been popular in Italy, so much so that when 14
year old Catherine de' Medici of Florence, married the soon to be King of
France, Henry II and moved to Paris in 1533, she brought her private perfumer
with her. To prevent his much coveted formulas from being stolen, she kept him,
and his formulas, locked away in a hidden laboratory. The only way in or out
was through a secret passageway, which was connected to her apartment.
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| Place aux Aires |
As Queen of France, when Catherine started wearing perfumed
gloves, they became very fashionable. But fashion aside, anyone who could
afford them wanted perfumed gloves, or at the least a scented handkerchief to
hold up to their nose, for in the mid 1500’s the cities of Europe were not as
we see them today. Even two hundred years after Catherine’s death, the
situation hadn’t changed much.
In his book Perfume, author Patrick Suskind describes the
cities of France during the eighteenth century like this: "there
reigned in the cities a stench barely conceivable to us. . . the streets stank
of manure, the courtyards of urine, the kitchens of spoiled cabbage and mutton
fat. There was the stench of sulfur, the stench of caustic lyes and the stench
of congealed blood from the slaughterhouses. People stank of rotting teeth,
sweat and unwashed clothes . .
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| A Lovely Place to Relax |
It was during this period that Suskind describes that Grasse
prospered. The town became the largest production center for raw materials,
specializing in jasmine and rose petals. Paris became the commercial
counterpart to Grasse and the world center of perfume. Perfume houses such as
Houbigant (which still produces Quelques Fleurs), Lubin, RogeR & Gallet,
and Guerlain, which were in Paris, based their industries on the flowers they
bought from Grasse.
In those days, an early morning walk around town would bring you
face to face with mountains of freshly picked rose petals, vats of mimosa or
baskets of violets and orange blossoms, harvested in the cool hours just before
dawn when the oil in the flowers is the most concentrated.
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| Grasse Flower Market |
But there are few mountains of flowers waiting to be processed
these days, and no one talks about the price of jasmine or rose petals anymore.
Today it’s the price of guaiacolo, ionone, chinolina, and the other chemicals
used in the production of perfume that is discussed over lunch.
Changing tastes and the development of modern chemistry laid the
foundations for perfumery as we know it today. Alchemy gave way to chemistry
and new fragrances were created.
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| The One and Only Chanel 5 |
Today both old and new perfume making techniques are followed in
Grasse. This is where Chanel No. 5 was created, and is still produced, as are
many other perfumes and scents for top Parisian couturier houses like Christian
Dior and Yves Saint Laurent. The scents are produced in small, private
laboratories scattered throughout the town in low concrete buildings hidden away behind tall fences and large
trees.
Their perfume secrets are jealously guarded, much like a king’s
ransom. The unfamiliar company names on the brass nameplates above the
doorbells belie the contribution they make to the thirty-six billion dollar a
year business called perfume.
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| Fragonard Museum |
Perfume is so seductive there was a time when young ladies were
warned against smelling the scent of tuberose in the evening for fear it would
make them overly susceptible to amorous advances. Even Father Lorenzo Quart,
the hero in Arturo Perez-Reverte's novel The Seville Communion, falls
under its spell.
"Macarena," he said softly, leaning forward and
resting his elbows on his knees. As he did so, he smelled her perfume: gentle,
like jasmine."
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| Fragonard Perfume Museum |
You can see how scents are created by visiting one of the town’s
three large perfume houses: Fragonard, Galimard or Molinard. I chose to visit
Galimard simply because it is the oldest. The original Monsieur Galimard
supplied pomades and perfumes to the Perfume Court of Louis XV, and the company
has been making perfume and scents ever since.
At the Galimard factory I met Monsieur Jacques Maurel, the
Galimard “Nose” or Master Parfumeur. Monsieur Maurel is one of fifty Noses in
the world certified to make perfume. Noses, or ‘le nez’ as they are known in
French, work at a desk called a perfume organ because of its similarities to a
musical organ. But instead of musical pipes, perfumers are surrounded by
hundreds of dark brown bottles filled with scents. As part of their training,
Noses must be able to recognize and identify two to four thousand odors, and be
familiar with the classical Renaissance techniques of perfume making.
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| M. Maurel, Madame Galiard |
Just across the street from the Perfume Museum is the Fragonard
museum, the family home of the artist Jean-Honore Fragonard, Grasse’s most
famous artist. His large religious painting, Washing of the Feet, hangs
in the 12th century Cathedral of Grasse, Notre-Dame du Puy, in Place
du Petit Puy.
From the Cathedral it is just a short walk to Place aux Herbes,
and from there to the town’s principal square Place aux Aires where you can
relax and enjoy lunch under the shade of large chestnut trees.
The daily flower mart arranged around the three tiered fountain
in the center of the square is reminiscent of the by-gone days when local
perfumers came here to buy wheelbarrows full of rose petals and jasmine to take
back to their workshops and process into perfume.
Grasse is an easy day trip from Canne or Nice, and a pleasant
place to spend an afternoon. And the best part is there are no long lists of
must see sites to make you feel guilty about sitting around, sipping a cup of
French roasted coffee, and watching as coiffured white poodles pull chic
matrons around the square. Viva la France.
This article also appeared in the Cleveland Plain
Dealer and Al Buraq Magazine
