CHIAVARI, Italy – Almost twenty-five
years ago, just before I left Philadelphia to live in Italy full time, I bought
myself a black leather travel bag. The plan was to get settled in my new
country and then spend weekends checking out the little Italian towns I had
always passed on my way to somewhere else. I had traveled to Italy often enough
to know there were a lot of towns to see, so I figured the bag was a good
investment.
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| Mantua, Italy |
I’ve slipped those soft leather straps
over my shoulder many, many times over the years and have traveled the length
and breadth of Italy but somehow my travels never took me to Mantua.
I remembered reading that in the 1400’s
Mantua was a dark and dank city infested with vermin, wolves and vultures, that
the disease of the day was bubonic plague and that travelers slept on flea
ridden straw mattresses. To make matters even worse, they had to share their
beds with strangers. As I was at that moment on a train heading for Mantua, I
sincerely hoped the town had changed since then and said so to the woman
sitting across from me.
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| Ludovico III, Duke of Mantua and his Family |
“Oh, I think you’ll find things have
improved a little,” she said. “It’s actually very pretty. There are three small
lakes that wrap around the town like a Renaissance moat, giving it a very romantic
atmosphere. It’s one of the best-preserved medieval towns in northern Italy. In
fact the last time a new building went up in Mantua’s historic center was back
in 1561 when the Gonzaga family was in power.
Oh yes, the Gonzaga family. They were
one of the richest and most powerful families in Italy’s history. In this small
provincial town, which today only has about 45,000 inhabitants, they created a
dynasty so powerful it rivaled their more famous city-state neighbors of Venice
and Milan. They are what Mantua is, and always has been about.
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| Gonzaga Ducal Palace, Mantua, Italy |
After I checked into my hotel,
examined the mattress for signs of straw and fleas, assured myself there were
no strangers lurking in the closet waiting to share my bed, I met up with Toni
Lodigiani, who was the Associate Director of the Mantua Tourist Bureau. He
walked me over to the Ducal Palace and as we crossed the three interlinking
squares of the old city, Piazzas Sordello, Broletto and delle Erbe, he told me
about the Gonzaga family.
“Mantua owes everything to the Gonzaga,”
he said. “They put this town on the map. It would still be a small
insignificant backwater if it weren’t for them. They were shrewd and cunning
soldiers of fortune, commoners who fought their way to power. They took control
of Mantua in 1328 and held it with an iron fist for 400 years, buying
themselves a royal title along the way.”
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| Gonzaga Ducal Palace |
With a promise to meet up later, we
said our goodbyes and I walked into the palace of the Gonzaga Dukes. It was not
what I expected. It’s not one large palazzo but a series of palazzo from
different periods that have been hobbled together to create a massive
structure. With more than 500 rooms and fifteen courtyards, it is second in
size only to the Vatican in Rome. Not all the rooms are open to the public, but
it still took me close to an hour to make my way through the maze of rooms,
secret gardens and courtyards that are open. From the Room of Cupid and Psyche,
to the Room of the Moors, to the Room of Mirrors each is decorated with ornate,
detailed frescos dedicated to the power and glory of the Gonzaga family.
During the dangerous and turbulent
years of the Renaissance, strong political alliances could mean the difference
between survival and surrender. The Gonzaga were clever enough to survive and
flourish not just through their military shrewdness, but by marrying their sons
to the daughters of allies and potential enemies. The Gonzaga girls were also
important as they were bartered and bargained for, and used as brood hens to
produce heirs for the mutual benefit of the families.
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| Portrait by Lavinia Fontana of Young Gonzaga Girl |
For the Gonzaga there was also a
serious need to introduce new blood lines as genetic defects due to excessive
inbreeding was starting to produce odd looking children. The boys who were born
deformed were generally tolerated, but the girls were sent off to live out
their lives in cloistered nunneries.
A painting by artist Lavinia Fontana
of a young Gonzaga girl whose face is completely covered with black hair, was
found hidden in a private Gonzaga gallery. There was no doubt it was the
treasured remembrance of the girl’s mother who knew her daughter would soon be
sent away and lost to her forever.
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| Palazzo Te, Mantua, Italy |
In 1463, it was the fashion for Italian
royals to decorate reception areas with works of art. Ludovico, the Marquis of Mantua, hired artist
Andrea Mantegna to decorate a room at the palace not in the Gothic style that
was so popular at that time, but in the newest style of the Renaissance.
On the walls of the small room
Mantegna pictured the Duke and his wife Barbara surrounded by their children,
members of their court, their servants, their dogs and their horses. With
extraordinary beauty and sensitivity the artist accurately reproduced a slice
of life in the Renaissance court of Mantua. The fresco became one of Mantegna’s
most famous works, and is generally known as the Camera degli Sposi, the Room
of the Newlyweds, misnamed somewhere along the way as it never had anything to
do with newlyweds and everything to do with a reception room for visiting dignitaries.
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| Banquet of Psyche and Amor by Giulio Romano - Palazzo Te |
Over the next few centuries the Gonzaga
family put together what was to become one of Europe’s most extraordinary
collections of art and art objects, amassing more than 2,000 paintings and
nearly 20,000 objets d’art. Their collection included paintings by Correggio,
Mantegna, Giulio Romano, Tintoretto, and family portraits by Titian and Rubens.
As there were rumors of an impending
train strike, which would mean I would have to leave earlier than planned. So
instead of a little nap after lunch, I walked over to the Palazzo Te to see
what else the Dukes of Mantua had on their minds besides collecting art and
making war.
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| Dancing with the Devil at the Palazzo Te, Mantua, Italy |
The entrance to the Te was crowded with
stacks of tables and chairs ready for an event scheduled for later that
evening. These days the Te is used for corporate meetings and special events,
but back in 1525 when Federico II called architect and artist Guilio Romano to
the Ducal palace, he had another idea for the space.
Federico, who would be granted the
title of Duke just five years later, asked Romano to convert what was an
abandoned stable on the outskirts of town into a summer retreat, a hideaway
where he could entertain his mistress, Isabella Boshetti. What Romano gave him
was the greatest of all Mannerist villas, the Palazzo Te.
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| Rotunda of San Lorenzo |
The Duke and Romano sat and planned the
frescoes that would decorate his new palace. Federico explained that his
interests ran to women and good times, and Romano listened. His fresco of the
drunken Bacchus (the Roman God of wine) frolicking with plump nudes and exotic
animals in a celebration of sex, food and wine in the Hall of Psyche, said it
all.
Federico was delighted. Far from the
spying eyes at the Ducal Palace, Federico felt free here. At last he could
indulge in his vices and transgressions, which he happily did until he died at
the age of forty, crippled by what the Italians call the French disease, and
what the French call the Italian disease, syphilis.
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| Mantua Today |
When the threatened train strike became
a reality, I had to leave. I went up to my room to pack and as I glanced out of
the hotel window I realized the narrow street below led to the oldest building
in Manuta, the 11th century Rotunda of San Lorenzo.
The past is such a
vibrant part of the present here and the idea of turning a corner and slipping
back hundreds of years fascinates me. The Mantovani may prop their bikes
against the old wall of the Ducal Palace with nary a thought to the centuries
of violence and bloodshed that took place on the very ground beneath their
feet, but I find it difficult to take the historic treasure that is Mantua for
granted.
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| Mantua, One of Italy's Little Cities of Art |
The sky was darkening as I boarded the
train. I watched the shadowy gray sky outside of the train window deepen to
charcoal and then black. Mantua was much more than I had expected and I hope it
stays just the way it is, a simple paese with all the charm of the Italy I fell
in love with all those many years ago when the scruffy leather bag sitting on the
seat next to me was new.
